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| Analyzing Memory Accesses in Obfuscated x86 Executables The evaluation function, ?, formally specifies how each x86 instruction is processed. It state = ? ? (inst(x), pop(state)), where x ? top(state) Handling a mov instruction is http://www.cacs.louisiana.edu/~arun/papers/obfuscated-executables-dimva2005.pdf University of Jordan Faculty of Engineering and Technology Hardware Emulation Kit is available at the course Website. ? Intel® x86 Basic Instruction Memory Addresses. 3. Assembly Language Programming Concepts. 4. The MOV instruction and http://fetweb.ju.edu.jo/staff/EE/mhawa/331/syllabus.pdf Process Visibility Looking Under the Hood objdump -h hello.o hello.o: file format elf64-x86-64 push %rbp 1:*48 89 e5 *mov %rsp,%rbp 4 0xfff?fc ? 000?05 ? callq is a PC-relative call instruction http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~ezk/cse376-s08/Process_Visibility.pdf QEMU, a Fast and Portable Dynamic Translator generator is run, the following host code is output: #movl_T0_r1 #ebx=env->regs[1] mov condition code evaluation: instead of computing the condition codes after each x86 instruction, http://www.usenix.org/publications/library/proceedings/usenix05/tech/freenix/full_papers/bellard/bellard.pdf architecture Outline 0x00000000 x86 Instruction Set ? Two-operand instruction set o Intel syntax: op movl 4(%ebx), %edx edx = *(int32_t*)(ebx+4); displaced ? Instruction classes o data movement: MOV, PUSH http://ocw.mit.edu/ Microprocessor Evolution: from x86 instructions to internal uops only happens on trace cache miss, one x86 instruction per in memory cmp br T1 * Code packed in trace cache T1: sub (6 uops/line) br T2 T2: mov http://ocw.mit.edu/ AMD x86-64 Architecture Programmer?s Manual, Volume 4, 128-Bit Media ... MOV UPS syntax, opcodes, functions, affected flags, and possible exceptions. The x86-64 instruction set is http://tigger.smu.edu.sg/software/AMD_tech_docs/AMD%20x86-64%20Arch%20Vol%204%20--%20128-Bit%20Media%20Instr.pdf Instruction Sets (Chapter 3) Set Computers (RISC) ? But, Intel has done just that! CompOrg Fall 2002 Instruction Sets (Chap 3) 3 X86 00401040 : 0: 55 push %ebp 1: 89 e5 mov %esp http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~hollingd/comporg.2002/notes/InstrSet/InstrSet.pdf Porting QEMUto Plan 9: Strategy Consider the X86 guest'smicro-op that is the core of the X86 ARPL instruction (from target-i386/op obviouslyserializable"control flow graph. 000000000049e943: 49e943: mov http://gsoc.cat-v.org/people/nwf/paper-strategy.pdf It's not just a bigger 386 are often to be avoided and memory-to-register MOV s are pretty much as they were on the 386, where every instruction 486 optimization differs from optimization for earlier x86 http://www.byte.com/abrash/chapters/gpbb12.pdf pipelines and other hazards of the high end effectively increasing the available register space. Unfortunately, the x86 instruction For example, MOV AL, [EBX] is a 2-byte instruction; MOV AL, [EBX+lOH] is a 3byte instruction http://www.byte.com/abrash/chapters/gpbb13.pdf IA32 Instruction Set of some of the 32 bit registers.-this provides compatibility with x86 (16 bit) instruction set.- IA 32 25 Moving data: mov instruction mov src, dstreg ? moves data specified by src to the http://cgi2.cs.rpi.edu/~hollingd/comporg/notes/IA32/IA32.pdf Using Dynamic Binary Translation to Fuse Dependent Instructions additional performance challenges. For example, splitting or "cracking" an x86 instruction into a 2 X86 instructions Fused ISA Execution Latency 1 mov ebx,ds:[esi + 1c] LD Rebx, [Resi + 1c http://www.cgo.org/cgo2004/papers/17_61_HU_S.pdf www.crhc.uiuc.edu It is also the only three-operand instruction in the x86 instruction set and can sometimes be used as a three-operand add or shift to eliminate an otherwise necessary mov instruction http://www.crhc.uiuc.edu/IMPACT/ftp/report/ms-thesis-ben-sander.pdf Instruction latencies and throughput for AMD and Intel x86 processors Instruction latencies and throughput for AMD and Intel x86 Family and model numbers are returned by thecpuid instruction. How 12.71312.7 testr,r 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 bt r,i 8 1/8 8 1/8 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 mov r,r 1 http://swox.com/doc/x86-timing.pdf Windows Kernel Internals Object Manager Windows Kernel Internals II x86 overview Traps Miscellaneous User Registers ?EIP / IP : "instruction pointer dereference ?Examples: add edx,ebx; add ebxto edx mov ecx http://www.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp/edu/training/ss/msprojects/data/05-x86TrapsInterruptsExceptions.pdf The 80x86 Instruction Set detailed look at instruction encodings for various instructions (80x86 and x86); such pushad, pushf, pushfd, pop, popa, popad, popf, popfd, lahf, and sahf. 6.3.1 The MOV Instruction The mov http://webster.cs.ucr.edu/AoA/DOS/pdf/ch06.pdf x86 Disassembly This Book About? This book is about the disassembly of x86 optimize beyond choosing the shortest form of an instruction or aspects of HLA. Here is an example of some HLA code: mov ( http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/5/53/X86_Disassembly.pdf X86 Assembly/Print Version - Wikibooks, collection of open-content ... mov ax, bx ;mov cx, ax Here, the assembler never sees the second instruction "mov cx x86 Assembly Wikipedia has related information at X86 instruction listings . These pages are http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikibooks/en/1/11/X86_Assembly.pdf Lecture 12 Reversing Primer on x86 ?Instruction rules-Source operand can be memory, register or constant-Destination C7 45 FC 01 00 00 00 mov dword ptr[ebp-4],1; store a = 1 0000001F: C7 45 F8 03 00 http://thefengs.com/wuchang/work/courses/cs592_spring2007/Lecture12.pdf VMware's Virtual Platform? vmware.com VMware Inc. What's a virtual machine monitor x86 MOV AX,CS or LMSW AX ?Some MMU "features" problematic Most user-level code and V8086 mode code ?Only a few instruction http://www.hotchips.org/archives/hc11/3_Tue/hc99.s6.1.Rosenblum.pdf Wabi Cpu Emulation containing 0xFFFF0000>, tmp and dst, , dst => mov src, dst or dst, tmp, dst - 10-20% performance boost in 16-bit x86 code ? x86 instruction peepholes http://www.hotchips.org/archives/hc8/2_Mon/HC8.S2/HC8.2.1.pdf x86 Programming CS 740 Sept. 12, 2007 confused with Intel's IA-64 in the Itanium machines) Constraints on the original x86 instruction 07-9-Disassembled 00401040 : 0: 55 push %ebp 1: 89 e5 mov http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/academic/class/15740-f07/public/lectures/lect02.pdf TeX output 2003.06.20:1638 The x86 uses the MOV instruction. In the case of the x86, the address calculated is in the DS segment, which is accessed via the DS register. That access is done through a 16-bit http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072467509/104652/pat67509_appb.pdf 3DNow!? Instruction Porting This document assumes that the reader possesses in-depth knowledge of the x86 instruction set bit 21 of Eflags can be toggled) pushfd;save Eflags pop eax;transfer Eflags into EAX mov http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/22621.pdf Porting Applications to Windows®for AMD64 Technology AMD64 Technology AMD64 Instruction Set Architecture Support for all x86 instruction extensions MMX What to port, and how Using the 64-bit registers mov edx, 66 mov eax, [ecx + edx*4] mov http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/DownloadableAssets/AMD_TechEdEMEA2003_Final.pdf MLX1 A Tiny Multithreaded 586 Core for Smart Mobile Devices MPF 2002 6 MemoryLogix Typical x86 Instruction Set Usage ? On mostly integer applications - 92% are 35% of loads are relative to stack pointer ? Frequent register copy - MOV reg,reg 13% http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/smt/memoryLogix.pdf mov esi, [src] // source array The simplest way to copy memory is to use the REP MOVSB instruction. This is the automatic instruction provided by X86 for memory copy. bandwidth: ~620 MB/sec (baseline) mov http://cdrom.amd.com/devconn/events/AMD_block_prefetch_paper.pdf Lecture 20: Hair-Dryer Attacks and Introducing x86 by VM-x86: registers and memory, managed (mostly) by programmer Why is x86 instruction set Introducing Asm Move Instruction mov[destination], [source] ?Copies the value in source http://www.cs.virginia.edu/~evans/cs216/classes/lecture20.pdf |
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