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| Lecture 2: Parallel Machines and Programming Models IBM SMPs ? Multicorechips, except that often caches are shared ? Difficulty scaling to large numbers of processors ? http://www.isi.edu/~mhall/CS503Spring08/L2.pdf Memory limits for Windows Releases PAE also enables several advanced system and processor features, such as hardware-enabled Data Execution Prevention (DEP), non-uniform memory access (NUMA) and the ability to add http://www.lynx-pc.de/learn/windows_memory/windows_memory.pdf Hardware Profile-guided Automatic Page Placement on ccNUMA systems The Opportunity Proc0 Proc1 Memory ( L ) Proc2 Proc3 Memory ( R ) NODE 0 NODE 1 NUMA = Non-Uniform Memory Architecture ?Memory access takes longer if memory is remote. ?On SGI Altix : Proc0 http://www.gelato.org/pdf/apr2007/gelato_ICEapr07_ncsu.pdf Simple But Effective Techniques for NUMA Memory Management Simple But Effective Techniques for NUMA Memory Management William J. Boloskyl Robert P. Fitzgerald2 Michael L. Scott' Abstract Multiprocessors with non-uniform memory access times http://svn.quarl.org/repos/sys-prelim/papers/BFR89.pdf Digital forensics of the physical memory Map of system memory.. 5 5.1 Uniform Memory Access http://www.e-fense.com/helix/Docs/forensics-physical-memory.pdf High Performance Computing - HiPC 2006 Australian National University Canberra, Australia alistair.rendell@anu.edu.au Abstract. Modern shared memory multiprocessor systems commonly have non-uniform memory access (NUMA) with http://cs.anu.edu.au/~Alistair.Rendell/papers/ThreadAndMemoryPlacement.Springer.pdf Meet the HP Superdome servers The implementation does not preclude Non-Uniform Memory Access, and cache coherency is assumed, so ccNUMA is available?it is just not very efficient. http://docs.hp.com/en/4913/ccNUMA_White_Paper.pdf Chapter 1 Introduction This architectural configuration is also called aSymmetric Multiprocessor (SMP) ora Uniform Memory Access machine (UMA). Proc 0 Cache Proc N Cache Shared Bus Mem Mem Proc 1 Cache http://www.csl.cornell.edu/~heinrich/dissertation/ChapterOne.pdf 1 MBIT (128KB X8, UNIFORM BLOCK) SINGLE SUPPLY FLASH MEMORY ERASE and READ OPERATIONS ? ACCESS TIME: 45ns ? PROGRAMMING TIME-8µs per Byte typical ? 8 UNIFORM 16 KBytes MEMORY BLOCKS ? select the cells in the memory array to access during http://ourchip.com/NZILIAO/chips/memory/M29F010B.pdf 16 MBIT (2MB X8, UNIFORM BLOCK) SINGLE SUPPLY FLASH MEMORY ERASE and READ OPERATIONS ? ACCESS TIME: 55ns ? PROGRAMMING TIME-8µs by Byte typical ? 32 UNIFORM 64 Kbyte MEMORY BLOCKS Program command to program the memory. When the access http://ourchip.com/NZILIAO/chips/memory/M29F016B.pdf Configuring Tru64 UNIX® for Large Memory Applications in a NUMA ... NUMA Overview In most application environments, where many processes use a relatively small address space, Tru64 UNIX's default Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) implementation does a http://h30097.www3.hp.com/pdf/numa-2.pdf Word Pro - numa-v4 Rubio 1 IBM Austin Research Laboratory 11501 Burnet Road Austin, TX 78758 Contact Information: mootaz@us.ibm.com Abstract Commercial Cache-Coherent Non-Uniform Memory Access (ccNUMA http://www.research.ibm.com/arl/projects/papers/ccNUMA.pdf X10: An Object-Oriented Approach to Non-Uniform Cluster Computing We refer to such systems as Non-Uniform Cluster Computing (NUCC) systems to emphasize that they have attributes of both Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) systems and cluster systems. http://www.research.ibm.com/people/p/praun/oopsla_onward05.pdf Memory Hierarchy Design Issues in Many-Core Processors Scaling however leads to slower global wires (increased RC delay) ?Possible implications-Simpler processor cores-On-chip switched network-Non-uniform memory access latency Yield http://www.cs.pitt.edu/~mosse/courses/cs2001/cho-slides-fall06.pdf Design and analysis of static memory management policies forCC-NUMA ... By utilizing the properties of skewing and prime, the improved memory management designs considerably improve the application performance of cache coherent non-uniform memory access http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~bhuyan/papers/jsa.pdf CS 594 Spring 2003 Lecture 3: Overview of High-Performance Computing Distributed Memory 4 PPPPPP BUS Memory Uniform memory access (UMA) : Each processor has uniform access to memory. Also known as symmetric multiprocessors (Sun E10000) PPPP BUS Memory P PPP BUS http://www.cs.utk.edu/~dongarra/WEB-PAGES/SPRING-2003/lect03.pdf Cray X2? Vector Processing Blade It contains 32 or 64 GB of shared memory, where each CPU has uniform memory access to the local node memory. Based on powerful vector processors, each Cray X2 node is capable of more http://www.cray.com/downloads/CrayX2Blade.pdf Lecture 13: Multiprocessor 3: Measurements, Crosscutting Issues ... all information on state of cached memory blocks ? Snooping and Directory Protocols similar ? Bus makes snooping easier because of broadcast (snooping => Uniform Memory Access) ? http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~pattrsn/252S01/Lec13-multiproc3.pdf Memory Placement Optimization (MPO) Motivation ? Solaris will run on Non Uniform Memory Access ( NU MA ) machines, but may not perform very well without knowing which CPUs and memory are near each other. ? Memory http://opensolaris.org/os/community/performance/numa/mpo_update.pdf Memory Placement Optimization (MPO) Motivation-Solaris will run on Non Uniform Memory Access ( NU MA ) machines, but may not perform very well without knowing which CPUs and memory are near each other.-Memory http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/performance/mpo_overview.pdf Pin-based NonUniform Memory Access (NUMA) Memory Simulator: strong interactions in high-energy physics. One way to speedup a computation is touse parallelism on a supercomputer congured with hundreds of processors on Non-Uniform Memory Access http://isgc.uidaho.edu/Images/Information/Uhproposalfinal.pdf No Slide Title Other processors must wait until the lock is released before accessing shared data. ? After obtaining the lock the processor can safely modify shared data. - Uniform Memory Access http://www.cs.drexel.edu/~bmitchel/course/cs282/lec07.pdf An Overview of PLATINUM A Platform for Investigating Non-Uniform ... November 1988 Abstract PLATI NUM is an experimental operating system kernel designed to facilitate research on memory management systems for Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA https://urresearch.rochester.edu/retrieve/15040/tr%23262.pdf X10: Programming for Hierarchical Parallelism and Non-Uniform Data ... generation large-scale systems include: 1) Frequency wall: inability to follow past frequency scaling trends, 2) Memory wall: inability to support a coherent uniform-memory access http://www.aurorasoft.net/workshops/lar04/Author_Files/Papers/Vivek_Sarkar_LaR_04_Paper_V1.pdf Non-uniform Memory Access Computers Non -Cache-Coherent NUMA Non -Cache-Coherent NUMA ? Access to global addresses ? Local copies are not automatically kept coherent (i.e. no caching for remote memory) ? http://www.lrr.in.tum.de/~weidendo/lehre/CSE-ScShM-05/07numa1.pdf NUMA BOF Non -Uniform-Memory-Access 2 Overview Introduction NUMA developments in the last year Upcoming changes to Andi Kleen's numactl Moving from cpusets to containers Implementing constraints on subsystem use of http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/christoph/ols2007/numa-bof.pdf Segmented Bitline Cache: Exploiting Non-Uniform Memory Access Patterns Segmented Bitline Cache: Exploiting Non-Uniform Memory Access Patterns Ravishankar Rao, Justin Wenck, Diana Franklin y ,Rajeevan Amirtharajahand Venkatesh Akella University of http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~franklin/cv/pubs/hipc06.pdf Exploiting Non-Uniform Memory Access Patterns Through Bitline ... Ravishankar Rao, Justin Wenck, Diana Franklin, Rajeevan Amirtharajahand Venkatesh Akella University of California, Davis California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo http://users.csc.calpoly.edu/~franklin/cv/pubs/wmpi06.pdf Using PRAMAlgorithms ona Uniform-Memory-Access Shared-Memory ... David A. Bader1, Ajith K. Illendula2, Bernard M.E. Moret3,and NinaR. We isse-Bernstein4 http://www.cs.unm.edu/~moret/bimw_wae.pdf |
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